Philosophy Is The Love Of Wisdom - 919 Words

As said in the Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities textbook, philosophy is the â€Å"love of wisdom.† Philosophy shows us the different forms of nature and how you see the world through logic and reasoning instead of faith and emotion. Philosophy was used to justify questions about the meaning of life, form, and human nature. The first to practice philosophy were the Greeks. â€Å"The Greeks believed that what distinguished human beings was their ability to reason, and thus the philosopher held a special place in their society.† The meaning of life is to explore the world in a person’s own point of view. The whole meaning of life is to achieve what needs to be achieved and to be successful in what needs to be done. Everyone has goals, so life could be a time where we find our dreams and achieve the dreams that you have lead. Life is all about finding your true inner-self and understanding the person inside you. Life is about time. You choose the p ath that you follow that lead you to this life today. Time is very important in life because every minute we depend on it to see the goods and bad that happen in our life. Life is about happiness and how you live it will determine your bright future ahead of you. Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.E.), also known as the â€Å"Father of Ethics,† was a well-known philosopher in the west and also â€Å"the most influential of them all.† His intentions were to understand more of self-knowledge and truth. â€Å"He was best known for questioning others’Show MoreRelatedPhilosophy Is The Ultimate Love For Wisdom1524 Words   |  7 Pageswhat philosophy is by presenting the point of view of five different philosophers. At first sight trying to find a definition for what philosophy is seem hard but luckily, the answer is already contained in the word itself. In Greek, philo means love and Sophia means wisdom. Therefore, philosophy is the ultimate love for wisdom. It is a pr ocess of reflection and makes the attempt of thinking in critical and rational dimensions on the most important questions of life. The love forRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreThe Father of Western Philosophy Socrates706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Father of Western Philosophy: Socrates Since the dawn of man, the invariable love of knowledge has kindled the hearts of humankind. That true passion in the heart for mankind over the flux of time is the study of philosophy. One of the greatest embellishments to philosophy overtime is the lionized Socrates of Athens born in 469B.C. His life exemplifies a true philosopher’s life, and the aspect of wonder that has cloaked mankind since the beginning of time. Therefore, the philosophical significanceRead MoreChicano Studies Quiz 1608 Words   |  3 Pageschildhood. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes on the beautiful and the ugly. It can be defined as the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty. b. the rationalist and the empiricist (at least 3 differences) A rationalist may study the principles of philosophy, theology, and architecture. An empiricist relies on observation, experiment, and conclusions. c. metaphysics from epistemology Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that treats principles. It alsoRead MoreComparing The Theaetetus And The Nature Of Love1602 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the nature of knowledge in the Theaetetus and the nature of love in the Symposium. The concept of philosophy brings together the nature of knowledge and love. Notably, Diotima calls Love a lover of wisdom which in Greek means literally a philosopher (Benjamin Jowett, trans. Plato, Symposium and Phaedrus 27). Philia means, love and sophia means wisdom. The main topic of Plato’s Symposium is the question â€Å"what is love†. It is a record of six speeches by different academics that all tellRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Philosophy978 Words   |  4 PagesDefining philosophy can be as complex as the process of philosophy itself; there is no exact definition to the word. Although as referenced in The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee the Greek origin of the work is love and wisdom, philiein, meaning love and Sophia, meaning wisdom. Thus creating a simple definition for philosophy to be the love of wisdom (Chaffee). My personal definition of philosophy would expand on that concept and define it to be, the exploration and examination of thoughts, experiencesRead MoreWhat Are Philosophy and Islamic Philosophy824 Words   |  3 Pageson what is philosophy and what is Islamic philosophy and philosophy itself. In first discussion is explain about the philosophy and the second discussion is discuss about the Isla mic Philosophy. Generally, philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason and so forth. First and foremost, the term of philosophy is derived from combination two Greek words which is ‘Philos’ and ‘Sophia’ which means ‘love or pursuit’Read MoreGreat Philosophers and Lives Well Lived1238 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes all lived during different times. This gave each of them different insights, which helped to create their philosophies and principles of their philosophies. Each philosopher also had a different means as to how they delivered their ideas and teachings. With so many differences the three had one thing in common: A love for wisdom, and the need to share it with others. Socrates was a great philosopher from Ancient Greece. He was the teacher of Plato and AristotleRead MoreSpeech Of Alcibiades Speech1140 Words   |  5 Pageswere reconciled in Diotima’s speech about love as in between mortal and immortal, in between beauty and ugliness, and in between wisdom and ignorance. To achieve it, one must give birth to true virtue. () However, Alcibiades speech changes the topic of the conversation from praising Eros/love, to praising Socrates. While the topic changed and this speech is separate, Alcibiades’ speech unknowingly to him, illustrates the arguments Diotima made about love by likening Socrates to Eros. This first happensRead MoreExplain The Six Chief Characteristics Of Philosophy1269 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind philosophy is to seek the deepest, and most detailed truth behind everything in the universe. Many different concepts such as relativism attempt to disprove the truth that philosophy attempts to pursue. To understand what it means for philosophy to pursue truth, we must first understand the nature of philosophy, or what philosophy really is. To understand the nature of philosophy, we must look at the six chief characteristics of philosophy. The six chief characteristics of philosophy will help

Philosophy Is The Love Of Wisdom - 919 Words

As said in the Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities textbook, philosophy is the â€Å"love of wisdom.† Philosophy shows us the different forms of nature and how you see the world through logic and reasoning instead of faith and emotion. Philosophy was used to justify questions about the meaning of life, form, and human nature. The first to practice philosophy were the Greeks. â€Å"The Greeks believed that what distinguished human beings was their ability to reason, and thus the philosopher held a special place in their society.† The meaning of life is to explore the world in a person’s own point of view. The whole meaning of life is to achieve what needs to be achieved and to be successful in what needs to be done. Everyone has goals, so life could be a time where we find our dreams and achieve the dreams that you have lead. Life is all about finding your true inner-self and understanding the person inside you. Life is about time. You choose the p ath that you follow that lead you to this life today. Time is very important in life because every minute we depend on it to see the goods and bad that happen in our life. Life is about happiness and how you live it will determine your bright future ahead of you. Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.E.), also known as the â€Å"Father of Ethics,† was a well-known philosopher in the west and also â€Å"the most influential of them all.† His intentions were to understand more of self-knowledge and truth. â€Å"He was best known for questioning others’Show MoreRelatedPhilosophy Is The Ultimate Love For Wisdom1524 Words   |  7 Pageswhat philosophy is by presenting the point of view of five different philosophers. At first sight trying to find a definition for what philosophy is seem hard but luckily, the answer is already contained in the word itself. In Greek, philo means love and Sophia means wisdom. Therefore, philosophy is the ultimate love for wisdom. It is a pr ocess of reflection and makes the attempt of thinking in critical and rational dimensions on the most important questions of life. The love forRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreThe Father of Western Philosophy Socrates706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Father of Western Philosophy: Socrates Since the dawn of man, the invariable love of knowledge has kindled the hearts of humankind. That true passion in the heart for mankind over the flux of time is the study of philosophy. One of the greatest embellishments to philosophy overtime is the lionized Socrates of Athens born in 469B.C. His life exemplifies a true philosopher’s life, and the aspect of wonder that has cloaked mankind since the beginning of time. Therefore, the philosophical significanceRead MoreChicano Studies Quiz 1608 Words   |  3 Pageschildhood. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes on the beautiful and the ugly. It can be defined as the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty. b. the rationalist and the empiricist (at least 3 differences) A rationalist may study the principles of philosophy, theology, and architecture. An empiricist relies on observation, experiment, and conclusions. c. metaphysics from epistemology Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that treats principles. It alsoRead MoreComparing The Theaetetus And The Nature Of Love1602 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the nature of knowledge in the Theaetetus and the nature of love in the Symposium. The concept of philosophy brings together the nature of knowledge and love. Notably, Diotima calls Love a lover of wisdom which in Greek means literally a philosopher (Benjamin Jowett, trans. Plato, Symposium and Phaedrus 27). Philia means, love and sophia means wisdom. The main topic of Plato’s Symposium is the question â€Å"what is love†. It is a record of six speeches by different academics that all tellRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Philosophy978 Words   |  4 PagesDefining philosophy can be as complex as the process of philosophy itself; there is no exact definition to the word. Although as referenced in The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee the Greek origin of the work is love and wisdom, philiein, meaning love and Sophia, meaning wisdom. Thus creating a simple definition for philosophy to be the love of wisdom (Chaffee). My personal definition of philosophy would expand on that concept and define it to be, the exploration and examination of thoughts, experiencesRead MoreWhat Are Philosophy and Islamic Philosophy824 Words   |  3 Pageson what is philosophy and what is Islamic philosophy and philosophy itself. In first discussion is explain about the philosophy and the second discussion is discuss about the Isla mic Philosophy. Generally, philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason and so forth. First and foremost, the term of philosophy is derived from combination two Greek words which is ‘Philos’ and ‘Sophia’ which means ‘love or pursuit’Read MoreGreat Philosophers and Lives Well Lived1238 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes all lived during different times. This gave each of them different insights, which helped to create their philosophies and principles of their philosophies. Each philosopher also had a different means as to how they delivered their ideas and teachings. With so many differences the three had one thing in common: A love for wisdom, and the need to share it with others. Socrates was a great philosopher from Ancient Greece. He was the teacher of Plato and AristotleRead MoreSpeech Of Alcibiades Speech1140 Words   |  5 Pageswere reconciled in Diotima’s speech about love as in between mortal and immortal, in between beauty and ugliness, and in between wisdom and ignorance. To achieve it, one must give birth to true virtue. () However, Alcibiades speech changes the topic of the conversation from praising Eros/love, to praising Socrates. While the topic changed and this speech is separate, Alcibiades’ speech unknowingly to him, illustrates the arguments Diotima made about love by likening Socrates to Eros. This first happensRead MoreExplain The Six Chief Characteristics Of Philosophy1269 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind philosophy is to seek the deepest, and most detailed truth behind everything in the universe. Many different concepts such as relativism attempt to disprove the truth that philosophy attempts to pursue. To understand what it means for philosophy to pursue truth, we must first understand the nature of philosophy, or what philosophy really is. To understand the nature of philosophy, we must look at the six chief characteristics of philosophy. The six chief characteristics of philosophy will help

Philosophy Is The Love Of Wisdom - 919 Words

As said in the Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities textbook, philosophy is the â€Å"love of wisdom.† Philosophy shows us the different forms of nature and how you see the world through logic and reasoning instead of faith and emotion. Philosophy was used to justify questions about the meaning of life, form, and human nature. The first to practice philosophy were the Greeks. â€Å"The Greeks believed that what distinguished human beings was their ability to reason, and thus the philosopher held a special place in their society.† The meaning of life is to explore the world in a person’s own point of view. The whole meaning of life is to achieve what needs to be achieved and to be successful in what needs to be done. Everyone has goals, so life could be a time where we find our dreams and achieve the dreams that you have lead. Life is all about finding your true inner-self and understanding the person inside you. Life is about time. You choose the p ath that you follow that lead you to this life today. Time is very important in life because every minute we depend on it to see the goods and bad that happen in our life. Life is about happiness and how you live it will determine your bright future ahead of you. Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.E.), also known as the â€Å"Father of Ethics,† was a well-known philosopher in the west and also â€Å"the most influential of them all.† His intentions were to understand more of self-knowledge and truth. â€Å"He was best known for questioning others’Show MoreRelatedPhilosophy Is The Ultimate Love For Wisdom1524 Words   |  7 Pageswhat philosophy is by presenting the point of view of five different philosophers. At first sight trying to find a definition for what philosophy is seem hard but luckily, the answer is already contained in the word itself. In Greek, philo means love and Sophia means wisdom. Therefore, philosophy is the ultimate love for wisdom. It is a pr ocess of reflection and makes the attempt of thinking in critical and rational dimensions on the most important questions of life. The love forRead More The Importance of Philosophy Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy The question is Philosophy. Why is it important? What makes it important? To answer theses questions you first have to know what philosophy is. Philosophy is defined as: the pursuit of wisdom; a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. This is the written definition of philosophy, but I think philosophy can’t be defined to just words. It’s more then words. Philosophy to me is an attempt to understandRead MoreThe Father of Western Philosophy Socrates706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Father of Western Philosophy: Socrates Since the dawn of man, the invariable love of knowledge has kindled the hearts of humankind. That true passion in the heart for mankind over the flux of time is the study of philosophy. One of the greatest embellishments to philosophy overtime is the lionized Socrates of Athens born in 469B.C. His life exemplifies a true philosopher’s life, and the aspect of wonder that has cloaked mankind since the beginning of time. Therefore, the philosophical significanceRead MoreChicano Studies Quiz 1608 Words   |  3 Pageschildhood. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that emphasizes on the beautiful and the ugly. It can be defined as the study of the mind and emotions in relation to the sense of beauty. b. the rationalist and the empiricist (at least 3 differences) A rationalist may study the principles of philosophy, theology, and architecture. An empiricist relies on observation, experiment, and conclusions. c. metaphysics from epistemology Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that treats principles. It alsoRead MoreComparing The Theaetetus And The Nature Of Love1602 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the nature of knowledge in the Theaetetus and the nature of love in the Symposium. The concept of philosophy brings together the nature of knowledge and love. Notably, Diotima calls Love a lover of wisdom which in Greek means literally a philosopher (Benjamin Jowett, trans. Plato, Symposium and Phaedrus 27). Philia means, love and sophia means wisdom. The main topic of Plato’s Symposium is the question â€Å"what is love†. It is a record of six speeches by different academics that all tellRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Philosophy978 Words   |  4 PagesDefining philosophy can be as complex as the process of philosophy itself; there is no exact definition to the word. Although as referenced in The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee the Greek origin of the work is love and wisdom, philiein, meaning love and Sophia, meaning wisdom. Thus creating a simple definition for philosophy to be the love of wisdom (Chaffee). My personal definition of philosophy would expand on that concept and define it to be, the exploration and examination of thoughts, experiencesRead MoreWhat Are Philosophy and Islamic Philosophy824 Words   |  3 Pageson what is philosophy and what is Islamic philosophy and philosophy itself. In first discussion is explain about the philosophy and the second discussion is discuss about the Isla mic Philosophy. Generally, philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason and so forth. First and foremost, the term of philosophy is derived from combination two Greek words which is ‘Philos’ and ‘Sophia’ which means ‘love or pursuit’Read MoreGreat Philosophers and Lives Well Lived1238 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes all lived during different times. This gave each of them different insights, which helped to create their philosophies and principles of their philosophies. Each philosopher also had a different means as to how they delivered their ideas and teachings. With so many differences the three had one thing in common: A love for wisdom, and the need to share it with others. Socrates was a great philosopher from Ancient Greece. He was the teacher of Plato and AristotleRead MoreSpeech Of Alcibiades Speech1140 Words   |  5 Pageswere reconciled in Diotima’s speech about love as in between mortal and immortal, in between beauty and ugliness, and in between wisdom and ignorance. To achieve it, one must give birth to true virtue. () However, Alcibiades speech changes the topic of the conversation from praising Eros/love, to praising Socrates. While the topic changed and this speech is separate, Alcibiades’ speech unknowingly to him, illustrates the arguments Diotima made about love by likening Socrates to Eros. This first happensRead MoreExplain The Six Chief Characteristics Of Philosophy1269 Words   |  6 Pagesbehind philosophy is to seek the deepest, and most detailed truth behind everything in the universe. Many different concepts such as relativism attempt to disprove the truth that philosophy attempts to pursue. To understand what it means for philosophy to pursue truth, we must first understand the nature of philosophy, or what philosophy really is. To understand the nature of philosophy, we must look at the six chief characteristics of philosophy. The six chief characteristics of philosophy will help

The Unusual Details About Explanatory Essay Samples That Many People Arent Aware Of

The Unusual Details About Explanatory Essay Samples That Many People Aren't Aware Of In your introduction, you might have laid out what would be dealt with in the essay. Read on to find out more about how to construct an informative essay, and examples of informative essays to aid you in getting started. Expository essays offer information and analysis. An informative essay isn't the exact same as an explanation essay. Nearly every kind of essay a student would get in their school life will require a conclusion. Therefore, if you would like to have nontrivial expository essay topic that demands thorough research, choose something which refers to a technological region of study. For the very best essay, students should start with the pre-writing practice. To earn a persuasive essay, higher school students have to be able to persuade the reader. Essay writing provides a great deal of benefits to students in the academe. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. They should make sure that they save a few days at the end of the writing process for revisions. Based on the subject being worked on, a student might have to create a fitting end remaining in accord with the guidelines of that specific topic. Explanatory samples are extremely simple to come by but if you're still curious about explanatory examples, here are some frequently asked questions on this issue. Exploratory essays are written with the sole aim of informing and also providing the most suitable answer or a remedy to a problem. An outline is just one of the greatest methods to receive your thoughts in order. Last, don't forget you may always become amazing samples by asking the on-line community for some help. The conclusion of essay, that is the previous part, should become your opportunity to create your readers understand the entire point of your topic. You need to provide your readers enough information so that they fully see what you're writin g about. Then you ought to focus on your reader. Your reader will observe all details throughout the prism of your ideology. If at all possible, have another person read your essay and give their suggestions for improvement. Choose a manner of presentation which achieves the ideal effect. When you get a well-formulated topic, it's a half success of your final writing. Spend a great deal of time thinking about words which you could utilize. The goal of the expository essay is to expand the info on this issue in a logical method. Expository essays supply more thorough understanding of a particular topic. Bear in mind that expository essays are intended to explain something as opposed to give personal opinions on a specific subject or event. You can't begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. You've got to compose an informative essay. An exploratory essay might look like a challenge. It is designed to not only help the reader learn and grow, but also the author. Where to Find Explanatory Essay Samples If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. Therefore, it has to be effective and logical. The New Fuss About Explanatory Essay Samples Exploratory essay differs from the bulk of other kinds of academic writing because its very name presupposes that you pass through unknown territory and ought to locate your own way within it. Examiners pay much attention not just to the paper structure but to its context too. Formulate a very clear title, indicating what's going to be discussed. An exploratory paper is normal in businesses when they're trying to obtain a remedy to an issue and will need to receive all of the potential perspectives an d data available. Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. Many times, folks become excited over adding new info, making a messy paper free of direction, so cut down should you need to. An ever more popular way for getting great sample papers is to locate and seek the services of a professional writing company to supply you with original work. Characteristics of Explanatory Essay Samples Also try to remember that every paragraph should start out with a topic sentence. Consider it more as an article in The New Yorker or your favourite magazine rather than an essay and you will receive it. A thesis statement ought to be included in the very first paragraph that covers the writer's whole argument. You're not writing a report about it. Your story has to be finished anyway. however, it must let somebody wish to read more. To start with, you should find the significance of the expositor y essay definition and pick the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. The close of the essay can help to revise the entire story. To begin with, it's required to comprehend what it is about. Supporting paragraphs should deal with thesis statement. It's also important to be sure the essay is consistent in arguing the principal points of the essay. A good thesis statement contributes to a good essay. Don't forget, though you might not be crafting the upcoming great novel, you are trying to leave an enduring impression on the folks evaluating your essay. In school, it's an unavoidable truth that you'll be requested to write something about a topic which sometimes you're so eager to finish. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. On account of the peculiarities of upbringing and education, for some individuals, it could be tricky to request help directly.

Role of Position Description

Question: Explainthe role of position description. Answer: A position description defines the roles and responsibilities a person has to step into as a part of his job. It goes without saying that it is of extreme importance that a person needs to know what he is getting into before starting with something. With a clear job role in mind, a new employees transition into his job is seamless and he starts delivering the work as if it all came naturally to him. A well designed position description not only increases job satisfaction, employee motivation and performance, but it also reduces the amount of stress an employee feels because of the job (Garg Rastogi 2006). As the role complexity and role ambiguity increases, stresses related to work increase making it more and more difficult for an employee to be committed to his task. A good positon description gives an employee the clarity about the routine tasks he needs to perform as a part of his job; but more than that, it serves him as a guiding instrument on how to shape his future career. A customised position description will always play to the strengths of the employee and try to get him to reach to the best of his potential. A position description not only gives a guideline for an employee to work with, it also provides his manager with a baseline from which to measure his performance. Having specific, measurable results gives both manager and subordinate to have a fair view of employees performance. An employee performing haphazard work apart from his position description is always conscious of the fact that the work was not a part of his job and thus harbour resentment. And, one of the best ways to gauge employee performance as well as the fact that whether the employee understands his job properly or not is self-assessment. His self-assessment should tell an employer how well the employee has been able to grasp his job requirements and how well he thinks he has been performing. This also helps in performance appraisal of the employee since the preliminary assessment was done by him himself, there is a sense of non-biasness and institutional justice that employee feels. In The Motivation to work, Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman (2011), talk about how a well-designed position description acts as a motivator for an employee and is true for both the types of motivational factors viz. Hygiene factors like Salary, Status, perks, etc. and the Motivators or the intrinsic factors like authority, achievement, responsibility, etc. Making sure that an employees position description suits the employees skills and abilities ensures that employee is engaged well with the organization, committed to it and feels a part of it. Breaking it down father, the employee performs well at both individual and team level. When initial work expectations of an employee do not meet his actual job, there is a feeling of discontentment and disappointment in the employee which finally leads to a negative job outcome (Hermanson, Hill and Ivancevich 2009). Oft times, the reason for this disappointment is not quite apparent since the changes and deficiencies in the job expectation and actual job are so small that they arent necessarily obvious. As important as it is for an employer to design a good position description, it is equally important that it is well suited to the person the job is meant for. Basically it helps find right people for the right job and assigning correct role to each person in a team ensures the success of the team in the long term. Setting a particular type of goal for a given employee can significantly improve not only performance but also the quality of the performance. Even more important is that the document communicated well to the employee so that the employee is well aware of what are the job expectations. And the good part about meeting job expectations is that with a well-placed praise, you can get it to be repeated and thus increase employee productivity (Woerpel, 2015). As the amount of clarity about a job increases, a person starts getting more and more involved with his job. According to Paullay, Alliger and Stone-Romero (1994), job involvement is the degree to which one is cognitively preoccupied with ones present job. Once the employee starts getting more engaged with his job, a sense of responsibility starts creeping in. But more than that, with increasing job involvement comes a sense of ownership of the job and ones pride in the work accomplished by him. And this sense of accomplishment is a great binder of an employee to his job and in turn to his company. This increases the persons emotional attachment, involvement and identification with the organization (Lok and Crawford, 2001). The more the commitment the employee feels with his job, the more motivated he will feel to be inventive and innovative with it and eventually help in the overall success of both employee and the firm (Ali and Zia-ur-Rehman 2014). An employee committed to his organization holds the companys shared values sacred to his heart and when this sentiment is widespread in the organization, it creates a strong organizational culture (Manetje 2005). A few of the most effective practices to improve employee engagement in the organization is through defining the employees role in organizations purpose, supporting and valuing him and by creating sustainable reward systems (Halm 2011). This means an increase in an employees control over the task assigned to him and a corresponding increase in the job performance and satisfaction because of the task ownership. However, this task efficiency is not limited to only individual level. Improving job satisfaction and job commitment improves the functioning of a person whether working alone or in a team (Nancy and Daniel 1996). As the position description clearly demarcates the tasks employee has to perform, performance measurement is eased down to a great extent. The obvious next step from appraising a well performing employee is to reward him for his good performance which acts not only as an appreciator for his efforts, but also a means of motivating the employee to continue on with his performance. Organizational rewards come in various different forms and packages. Long-term incentive plans like stock options, security benefits and team-based rewards such as profit-sharing plans are some such rewards being given to motivate and encourage employees towards continuing excellence (Zhou, Zhang and Montoro-Snchez 2011). Rewarding and recognizing employees also creates a strong culture where employees feel empowered and motivated to work. Recognition stems from the fact that an individual or a team performed up to the mark or even excelled beyond it. Not recognizing and appreciating your employees for their commendable job might lead to a feeling of disengagement, underappreciation and disenchantment with the work (Alexander 2016). One of the most important reasons residing at the root of employees less than commendable job performance is the clarity about job expectation. If that clarity is missing, howsoever skilful an employee, he will always under-deliver. Thus, the importance of a good position description cannot be overemphasized. However, giving recognition where its due makes employees feel valued and they are better able to engage and connect with the companys aspirations and goals and hence eventually help with the companys bottom-line. In their research on the role between leader reward behaviour and employee behaviour, Jackson et al. (2012) theorize that the employees sense of organizational justice is evoked from his perceived impartiality of the leader towards the members of a team. This has a direct effect on three things viz. Task performance, Organizational citizenship behaviour and turnover intentions. At the same time, it is also important that context specific rewards are distributed. While cash would be the most preferred form of reward, its effect might not last that long. It is prudent to give rewards after putting some thought into it. For e.g., at times, a boosting word, or a weekend party thrown by the leader might work just as well as a cash reward and it works for strengthening the team bonding too. These give rise to the concept of intrinsic rewards such as job enrichment, job rotation, work flexibility and extrinsic rewards such as ESOPs, long term incentive plans, bonuses, etc. and which of them can be applied where to derive maximum benefit out of them viz. motivate an employee to the max. Thus, it is in the favour of a good firm as well as a great manager that he is able to assign the right task to the right person. And this entails the perfect communication of a persons position description to him. A good position description helps an employee acclimatize easily to his job, understand the requirements of the job thoroughly and excel at it. Ease of acclimatizing to the job in turn translates into goal mapping and efficient future planning for the employee. The result is a happy employee who is not thinking of leaving the organization any time soon and is rather willing to work for its progress. Performance appraisal and rewarding are simplified to a great extent by the use of a good position description. And once an individual is happy, it also results in high motivational levels across the team, increased productivity and a culture of innovation is built in the organization. Hence, increased organizational commitment, increased innovation and improved employee retention are few of the most obvious benefits of a good position description. On the other hand, an employee who is feeling unappreciated and neglected is disgruntled with the management all the time and is thus responsible for spreading this discontent to the whole team. Even if the position description was not completely suited to a person the first time around, sincere efforts should be made as soon as possible to rectify the mistake so that the employee knows that the organization is ready to support him in whichever way possible and his sense of belongingness to the organization increases (Duyar 2012). Plus, such a move will be in the favour of the organization as well. Not only do they retain an employee and make a stronger bonding with him, the mangers who designed the position description in the first place get a chance to learn from their mistake and can avoid repeating it again. References Alexander, B 2016, The true impact of reward in the workplace, Employee Benefits, industry insight, April, viewed 10th June 2016. Ali, N and Zia-ur-Rehman, M 2014, Impact of Job Design on Employee Performance, Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction: A Study of FMCG's Sector in Pakistan,International Journal of Business and Management,vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 70. Dodd, NG and Ganster, DC 1996, The interactive effects of variety, autonomy, and feedback on attitudes and performance,Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 329-347. Duyar, I 2012,Discretionary Behavior and Performance in Educational Organizations: The Missing Link in Educational Leadership and Management, vol. 13, Emerald Group Publishing. Garg, P and Rastogi, R 2006, New model of job design: motivating employees' performance,Journal of management Development,vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 572-587. Halm, B 2011, Employee engagement: a prescription for organizational transformation,Advances in Health Care Management,vol. 10, pp. 77-96. Hermanson, H, Hill, M and Ivancevich, S 2009, A longitudinal study of new staff auditors' initial expectations, experiences, and subsequent job perceptions,Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research,vol. 12, pp. 145-183. Herzberg, F, Mausner, B and Snyderman, BB 2011,The motivation to work,vol. 1, Transaction publishers. Jackson, EM, Rossi, ME, Rickamer Hoover, E and Johnson, RE 2012, Relationships of leader reward behavior with employee behavior: Fairness and morale as key mediators,Leadership Organization Development Journal,vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 646-661. Manetje, OM 2005, The Impact of Organizational Culture on Organisational Commitment, MA Dissertation, Unpublished, University of South Africa. Paullay, IM, Alliger, GM and Stone-Romero, EF 1994, Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality,Journal of applied psychology,vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 224. Lok, P and Crawford, J 2001, Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating role of job satisfaction, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 594 613. Woerpel, H 2015, A Well-deserved Atta Boy for You and Your Team, Air Conditioning, Heating Refrigeration News, 24 August, p. 4. Zhou, Y, Zhang, Y and Montoro-Snchez, 2011, Utilitarianism or romanticism: the effect of rewards on employees' innovative behaviour, International Journal of Manpower,vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 81-98.

My Dream to Be A Hero free essay sample

Lets take a trip through time. Take yourself back to the year 2001 and envision yourself as a seven year old. Youve just started first grade and the teacher is trying to learn more about you. By asking questions about your dreams, do you want to be a doctor? A lawyer? A teacher? Would you have answered yes to any questions? I did not nor did I ever wish to answer those questions. Instead, my only dream was to be a hero. I did not care who I would save or how I would manage to do so, I just wanted to say that I was a hero to someone. Time leads to maturity. Our dreams could have been set in stone one year only for that stone to be shattered the next. Moving on we find a new stone to carve our new dream into. Eventually surrounding us is an endless quarry of lost dreams. We will write a custom essay sample on My Dream to Be A Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soon, Im surrounded by a small quarry of my lost hopes, dreams, and thoughts. Out of boredom and nostalgia, I sift through the piles of debris to come across something I once cherished. Standing out from the rest of the stones is one of an odd color: a large polished rock with the inscription, When I grow up and everyone is off being teachers, or lawyers, or business ownersIm going to be a hero. Not a police officer, not a firefighter, not a doctor, but a hero. In that moment tears fill my eyes as I relive carving those words. I quietly speak to myself, I need to resurrect this and keep it with me foreverI cant believe I almost lost myself to the tests, projects, and grades from school. My dream was almost lost forever because I was told to grow up. I dust off my rock, it shines in the sunlight. I tried to keep that promise I made to myself. One night sitting in a movie theater watching a cliched superhero action packed adventure, I heard the soundtrack and not only was the music itself beautiful but the lyrics spoke to me. (My mind began to race and go through unimaginable situations in which I could save someone dear to me.) The lyrics began to embrace me like my mother comforting me after a nightmare. When you cried, Id wipe away all of your tears. When youd scream, Id fight away all of your fears. And I held your hand through all of these years- (Lee, Amy. My Immortal. Evanescence. MP3.) A spark ignited within me. Whether it was rushing into a burning building and emerging with survivors or racing to the end of the Earth and back, I wanted to brandish a cape and save someone. Exiting the theater that night I walked proudly in front of my parents with no fear of the dark abyss before us. I had no fear, only dreams of stopping any danger that may lurk in the night. It is now 2011 and Im currently seventeen years old. Im sitting here reflecting on my heroic acts from this past year. I helped my Grandmother on her difficult road to recovery from open heart surgery, rescued a puppy from a shelter, talked someone out of a bad place in his/her mind, and made my parents proud. I may not fit the mold of a comic book superhero but I believe my dream has been accomplished so far. In the future I hope to still keep that dream alive, nothing will destroy it.

Animal Research-pro essays

Animal Research-pro essays Imagine a world without chemotherapy, organ transplants, joint replacements, and antibiotics. These are just a few of medical wonders developed through animal research. Animal research has been a heated discussion for the past fifty years. Some argue that the research done upon animals is cruel and unethical. Others believe without animal research, there would be no new advances in the medical field and thousands of lives would have been lost if animals were not tested on. This topic has prompted many activists, scholars and doctors to voice their opinion about animal research. Joy Williams stands in utter opposition to animal research. On the other hand, Ike Sugg and Dr. Joseph Murray express the advantages to animal research and their disapproval of the oppositions activist. After thoroughly examining both sides of the issue, I have to take a stand on the side that is pro animal research. Joy Williams, an animal activist, writes an essay titled The Inhumanity of the Animal People. Williams calls for an immediate end to the scientific research on animals. She points out the inhumane practices the researchers do to the animals. Animals are blinded, deceberated, mutilated, burned or poisoned in hope they might convey some data that may be useful to them in the future. Some of the experiments are done just to satisfy their scientific curiosity. They keep undergoing more and more corrosive tests until they expire, or until their bodies, unable to provide even the most utterly senseless data, are humanely destroyed Williams states (3). The most beneficial lab animal is the chimpanzee. Its DNA possesses ninety-eight percent of the same genetic code as humans. Chimpanzees have shown some intellectual thinking by being able to learn sign language. Something this close to a human being should not be tormented by scientific research Williams believes. Chimps are be i...

Agnes Macphail Biography

Agnes Macphail Biography About Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was the first Canadian woman to be a member of parliament, and one of the first two women elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Considered a feminist in her time, Agnes Macphail supported issues like prison reform, disarmament, international cooperation and old age pensions. Agnes Macphail also founded the Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, a group working with and for women in the justice system. Birth: March 24, 1890 in Proton Township, Grey County, Ontario Death: February 13, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario Education: Teachers college - Stratford, Ontario Profession: Teacher and columnist Political Parties: Progressive PartyCo-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) Federal Ridings (Electoral Districts): Grey South EastGrey Bruce Provincial Riding (Electoral District): York East Political Career of Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was elected to the House of Commons in 1921, in the first Canadian federal election in which women had the vote or could run for office. Agnes Macphail was the first woman to be elected to the House of Commons.Agnes Macphail was the first woman appointed as a member of a Canadian delegation to the League of Nations, where she was an active member of the World Disarmament Committee.Agnes Macphail became the first president of the Ontario CCF when it was established in 1932.Agnes Macphail was a major influence in the establishment of the Archambault Commission on prison reform in 1935.She was defeated in the 1940 general election.Agnes Macphail wrote a column on agriculture issues for the Globe and Mail.She was first elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly in 1943, becoming one of the two first women to be elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.She was defeated in the Ontario election in 1945.Agnes Macphail was re-elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly i n 1948. Agnes Macphail contributed to the adoption of Ontarios first equal pay legislation in 1951.

Hong Kong Architecture Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Hong Kong Architecture Style - Essay Example Having been born in Hong Kong (HK) and raised there for more than seventeen years, I grew up taking many of the features of my home city for granted. It wasn’t until I opted to study in the United Kingdom that I began to realize the many opportunities I lost. With many years of chances to visit some of the more historical sites and cultural wonders, I did not see any of them. I have surprisingly little awareness to its quality or style of architecture. To me, Hong Kong was just another busy city with the typical rectangular tower blocks and high-rise complexes everywhere. Construction was fast and demolition quick. The only real notice I took of these events was to absently note when a new building brought in a store I wanted or offered some other opportunity directly to my benefit or discomfort or when an older building went down that had been an empty eyesore for any length of time. This pattern I was living in can be characterized as living there only and that is all. Although I lived there, my life could have been characterized as merely existing since I did not notice any of the important things around me that made my living space unique. This theory applies to many who live there. In fact, it applies widely to people living in many places throughout the globe as it is human nature for people to take familiar things for granted. The world moves so fast, events happen so quickly in every sphere of life that success is impossible without keeping in close touch with the latest development. Studying architecture has certainly broadened my vision and changed my perspective regarding these things. My studies opened my eyes, teaching me how to observe and read buildings and the cities in which they stand in totally different ways. Having visited many other countries’ greatest architectural constructions representing many different eras and styles, I began to think about the architecture

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Research Paper

How is the Future portrayed in the novels, WE by Zamyatin and 1984 by Orwell And What do the authors warn us against - Research Paper Example well and Zamyatin didnt actually believe was going to happen, but they both feared that the societies of the world would be going down those roads, so they wrote their dystopian novels about this. There are a variety of things that Orwell was warning us in his novel, and these themes are reflected in We. One is that there should not be a country that is too powerful, because that reduces the freedom of the citizenry. Related to this is the warning about tyranny – if the government is too powerful, then it represses its citizens. Repression and censorship, which comes when a government is tyrannical, is another warning that Orwell sounds, and, with this, comes sexual repression. This essay will be structured in the following ways – first, the concept that a government may become too powerful will be examined, by looking at how this is portrayed in each of the novels. This really is the central tenet of each of the novels, because a government that is too powerful is one that will react like the governments do in each of these novels. First, Orwell seems to be cautioning against the idea that any one country could become too powerful. The slogan in the future was â€Å"War is Peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength† (Orwell 26). The implication in the novel is that there are three super states that are at perpetual war with one another (Williams 12). That said, although some might misinterpret the novel as being against socialism or communism, in that, during this period of time, the Soviet Union was still a super power, therefore could be construed as being one of the superstates in the novel, Williams (12) states that this was not what was intended – rather, he did intend this to be an attack on a centralised economy in general. It was a full perversion of the centralised government that went beyond what was happening in the Soviet Union during this time. As with everything else in this novel, he took the concept of centralised government to the

Philip-Morris-Marlboro Essay Example for Free

Philip-Morris-Marlboro Essay The largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States is Philip Morris but there are also four major players in the industry. In 1998, due to a decrease in number of sales and customer feedback, Philip Morris resulted to cut prices among the four players and level the competition. It is evident that the other manufacturers are getting the edge of being cheap because more people buy their product. Philip Morris is a notch higher because of its quality and sensation hence smokers would prefer to smoke more and pay for less. Philip Morris consciously cut prices to avoid consumers to switch to cheaper cigarettes. When this was done, the shipments towards retail sellers dropped twice as fast meaning the move of Philip Morris to cut prices was effective. The Philip Morris was yet to be successful since the other players such as Marlboro and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Corp, which is the second-biggest cigarette producer, panicked and had implemented the same changes to their prices but this time they have also intensified advertisements to attract more customers. With this economic trend, it shows that cigarette smokes are really particular when it terms of prices. Quality is the second thing that they look upon since they want to smoke more for less compensation. Since it was a good run for Philip Morris, there have been increased promotions that helped diminish the discrepancy among other competitors that have cheaper prices. The lower prices helped Philip Morris increase its share of cigarette sales. It would be wise for Philip Morris to be polymorphous and adaptive about the prices. To have cut prices would entail that they are elastic in nature and his highly sensitive to other cigarette manufactures. When it comes to health, the move of organization to intensify their opposition against smoking could really be a factor so to have cut prices means that they are want to keep their consumers regardless of the posing health risks. Back to the economic terms, to have cut prices is to maintain the competition among the other players in the cigarette industry. A simple trade of small sales with high prices or large sales with low prices, either way is good as long as the net income is still enough to break-even or be profitable. With the reputation and the prestige that Philip Morris already established. Changes in prices among rival players would only be minor and can be handled easily. To take into consideration, the people in the retailing department are the ones who really set the prices for their product. Since retailers buy them in wholesale, the tendency is that they get the product cheap and sell it high. Well, that is basic but the fact is they remain unaffected in terms of competition hence they are unaware of the rising conflict in the greater economy. If the market were in perfect monopoly then buying low and selling high would be very effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To have cut prices is to level the competition for other players. It is not done unreasonably. Price hikes and cut prices depend on the economic trend being foreseen or predicted according to the sales and income a company gets. Given a chance, to decide if Philip Morris should have a cut price, I would agree because there are many new players in the cigarette industry that are cheap and quality too and besides being the number one producer does not necessarily mean that one is the number one seller. People have different preferences when it comes to smoking cigarette hence the posing threats to their health are neglected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To make the long story short, Philip Morris should only watch the trends before jumping into having cut prices. Discounts and price cuts does not necessarily mean greater sales. It comes along with timing and situation. Putting it into economics, the demand for the product is same at all levels, the supply is also the same, then the determining factor to a successful sales is that to have prices that will catch the attention of the consumers and would complicate the assets of the rival players. Pricing one’s product is a key to be successful in the industry. List of References Convience Store news. (2003). ‘Philip Morris Revamps Rebate Program’. [on-line] available from http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-stores/4477294-1.html [February 8, 2008] Irish Examiner (2004.). ‘Philip Morris to cut cigarette prices to keep customers’ [on-line] available from http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2004/01/01/story447418409.asp [February 8, 2008] Gleen Collins. (2003. ‘Philip Morris Sharply Cuts Prices’ [on-line] available from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9506E7DF1E39F935A25757C0A960958260 [February 8, 2008]

Alternative Methods of Pain Relief :: Biology Essays Research Papers

"Oww! &%$%!" Pathways of Pain and Alternative Methods of Pain Relief Have you ever wondered why when you stub your toe on the chair in the living room, it helps tremendously to yell out an expletive or two and vigorously rub the area? I may not be able to discuss the basis for such language in this paper, but we will explore the analgesic response to rubbing that toe, in addition to the mechanism of pain and alternative treatments such as acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. In the two previous papers for this class I have chosen to focus upon the inherent power of the brain in relation to healing. Studies of the placebo effect and psychoneuroimmunology have helped us gain insight into the nervous system's relationship with the immune system, the endocrine system, and others. Alternative therapies such as hypnosis, relaxation/ meditation, and humor have been discussed in association with this relationship. I feel that my exploration of the brain and alternative healing would not be complete without an investigation of the processing of pain and the role of acupuncture and touch in pain relief. What exactly is pain? According to Webster's dictionary, pain is "physical suffering typically from injury or illness; a distressing sensation in a part of the body; severe mental or emotional distress". Most everyone reading this paper has experienced some form of physical pain at some point during their lives; most everyone has even experienced the common daily pains such as stubbing our toe as we walk through the living room, accidentally biting our tongue as we chew, and having the afternoon headache after a long day of work. No matter the fact that it is unpleasant, pain has a very important role in telling the body that something is not right and leading to behavior that will remove the body from a source of potential injury. Imagine if we could not experience pain. We would not be able to change our behavior in any way when touching the burning hot dish in the oven, resulting in potentially serious burns. We could not recognize that perhaps we twisted an ankle when walking dow n the stairs, thus continued walking on that foot would exacerbate the injury to the point of not being able to walk at all. Indeed, pain is not pleasant, but in many cases it is an important way for our nervous system to learn from and react to the environment.

Homosexuality in Football Essay

Chapter One: Introduction: Addressing Homophobia in Football * Introduction should just give a brief idea of what work is going to be about so not much detail * Outline your argument – footballers affect society so a lack of homosexual players is also bound to affect the way it is portrayed * Talk about the problems surrounding football – i.e. racism, sexism. What is different about homophobia? * Why is homophobia a problem in football? Why is it taboo? * Talk about programmes enforced to help combat it; i.e. just mention Stonewall, different programmes etc * Outline the different chapters you will be writing in the diss: i.e. I will be looking at (describe chapter 2) Only needs to be a page long, maybe a little longer. Basically outline your argument and refer back to your question, mention problems in football – why homophobia is taboo / big problem, talk about programmes (briefly) and then outline what you’ll be talking about in each chapter. FINALLY sa y at the end what you hope to conclude – i.e. homophobia is a big problem, it does affect society, what can be done? I intend to explore homosexuality within the footballing world, and how, if at all, its representative’s views on it affect those of societies. Football is Britain’s national sport, engrained into every aspect of our culture, and as such players are role models that transcend all classes, colours and creeds; so why do such a minute percentage feel it is a safe environment in which to be openly homosexual? Are the individuals involved simply inherently homophobic, or are there more deep-rooted explanations? I will be looking in chapter two at masculinity and where homosexuality lies within it, focusing particularly on the theories surrounding footballs role in reproducing a hegemonic masculine environment. Over the last 20-30 years it has become more fashionable to explore the varying moulds of masculinity, and I will observe footballs relationship with these developments. The differences on and off the pitch are also of relevance, and can be scrutinised easily due to th e massive interest in, and thus coverage of, footballing culture. Chapter three explores possible reasons behind the lack of openly homosexual professional footballers today and throughout history, primarily using player interviews and concentrating on the case of Justin Fashanu, the first professional British player to reveal their homosexuality to the public. I will also discuss the issue as an international problem, which is not isolated to Britain and the Premier League. Finally, an evaluation of footballers as role models in our culture at present forms the basis of chapter four – how exactly do their views affect society’s’? ADD IN WHEN WRITTEN CHAPTER The industry has managed to overcome various other serious issues, such as racism and sexism, so what is it doing to combat homophobia? Since many efforts by the F.A. to address homophobia have been deemed superficial, does the F.A. even consider it as serious a problem as the aforementioned problems? The Stonewall organisation in particular has completed extensive research into the issues surrounding homophobia in football, interviewing players and fans alike, and even setting up the first gay football club. How successful has this been in drawing attention to the problem so clearly rife in the modern game, and what else can be done to encourage the changes so desperately required to come into fruition? I hope to discover through my research the extent to which homophobia runs in football, and by whom it is considered a problem. I am also intrigued to see how the public perceive the current situation, and how it alongside general footballing culture has influenced them, if at all.

Case Study Of Banjah Village Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is indispensable to adult male, animate beings and workss and without H2O, life on Earth would non be. It is the 2nd resource, which is really of import and abundant apart from air Wagner and Lanoix ( 1961:9 ) . From the really beginning of human civilisation, people have chose to settle near to H2O beginnings, along rivers, beside lakes or near natural springs. Indeed, where people live, some H2O is usually available for imbibing, domestic usage and perchance for irrigating animate beings. ( IRC1998 ) When the member authoritiess of the United Nations proclaimed the 1980s to be the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( the Water Decade ) , they were reacting to an pressing demand. An estimated 30,000 people were deceasing every twenty-four hours, many of them attributed to a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O or equal sanitation installations. The state of affairs of H2O supply in the universe particularly in rural countries is far from being satisfactory. In 1980, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 70 % of the universe ‘s rural population was without entree to a safe and equal H2O supply: some 1.150million villagers ( China ‘s statistics non included ) were imbibing H2O which was a menace to their wellness ( IRC1998: 7 ) . Besides, more than one billion people lack entree to a safe supply of imbibing H2O. Water related diseases become taking cause of decease in the universe. It takes the lives of more than 14.000 people each twen ty-four hours as it is responsible for 80 % of all illness in the universe. In developing states, adult females and immature misss spend more than 200million hours walking to the nearest H2O beginning merely to acquire adequate H2O for their households. Besides, statistics show that merely 60 % of the African population has entree to safe H2O supplies. More so, in Cameroon more than one million people presently lack entree to safe imbibing H2O and three billion deficiency entree to basic sewerage systems. Although SNEC was created in Cameroon in the sixtiess after the independency, its activities are largely been limited to the supply of drinkable H2O to urban and urban periphery, populating the rural countries at their ain clemencies and with limited finance to pay for drinkable H2O supply. Drinkable H2O scarceness being a worldwide crisis besides threatens the population of Banjah community. Banjah is one of the small towns which make up the Bamenda cardinal subdivision in the North West Region of Cameroon. It is situated about 5km North West of Bamenda town. This little Anglophone small town of about 2000 people made the scarceness of drinkable H2O their preoccupation. The Anglophone Cameroon by and large has had a strong tradition of ego reliant community development. During the colonial period, the British provided basic comfortss to their settlements for small cost. The supply of drinkable H2O for British Southern Cameroonians was under the Public Works Department ( PWD ) a authorities bureau. And H2O was fundamentally free compared to those in Gallic Cameroon. After reunion, the assets of PWD associating to H2O were transferred to a new bureau SNEC. With SNEC, the awards stated increasing. So with the cognition that H2O is supposed to be less dearly-won or even fr ee and with the spirit of community development inborn in most Anglophone countries, the Banjah people decided to come up with a autonomous H2O undertaking which was partially realized in 1992. Before the realisation of the strategy, the villagers fetched H2O from rivers springs and watercourses, which ran for long distances before making the small town. These beginnings besides crisscross farming areas, croping lands and colonies. This resulted to really high rates of taint. More so, the villagers traveled for stopping point to 3km to bring H2O and H2O borne diseases were rampant. Water jobs were doing great social jobs. Besides, the absence of drinkable H2O retarded other development undertakings. With the partially realisation of the H2O supply strategy, the above jobs have non been wholly eradicated, alternatively, new 1s have been created. The H2O strategy faces the job of irregular supplies. There is misdirection of financess. The spread nature of colonies and the rugged terrain are besides major jobs. Lack of local trained forces for the operation and care of the strategy increases the jobs. Finally, the deficiency of adult females engagement in the direction of the strategy besides causes a great job since they are the greatest donees. All these jobs leave the villagers no option but to be given to their old available H2O beginnings. Therefore, conveying back if non, all the jobs faced by the community before the realisation of the undertaking. These jobs inspired the research worker to seek reply to this chief research inquiry: How effectual is the Banjah Water supply undertaking? To reply this inquiry this research has been divided into four subdivisions. The first subdivision assesses the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the realisation of the H2O undertaking. It besides looks at H2O supply process and how the support for the H2O undertaking was carried out. The following subdivision looks at the different histrions involved in the H2O supply strategy. It besides analyses the schemes and direction used for the success of the undertaking. The following is the socio economic impacts of the H2O supply strategy to the Banjah community in peculiar and others in general. Then we look at the jobs faced in the direction of the H2O supply strategy. The last subdivision concludes by sketching future chances in relation to the present tendencies in the development of the strategy. This prospects if carried out will convey the undertaking to a successful terminal.0.7 METHODOLOGYThe Banjah Water supply undertaking covers a comparatively little country but with a hard terrain. It has diverse activities every bit good as people with every b it diverse positions. Like other rural countries in Cameroon, it is ill served with communicating installations. All of these will ask a multi- attack in roll uping informations. The methodological analysis therefore will be divided into two parts ; informations aggregation and information analysis.0.7.1. Data and Information CollectionThe information for the survey will be collected from primary and secondary beginnings. 0.7.1.1. Acquisition of Secondary informations Much has been written on community H2O supply strategy, direction and impacts. In this visible radiation, informations will be collected from both published and unpublished secondary beginnings. They will include paperss and relevant web sites on the Internet. These paperss will include text editions, thesiss thesis, diaries, periodicals and magazines. These paperss and statistics will be gotten from libraries, NGOs and Rural and Urban Councils 0.7.1.3. Acquisition of Primary Data This will affect fieldwork. Fieldwork constitutes a major beginning of informations in this type of research. That is field trips, interviews, direct observations and questionnaires. Field trips The first stage of the field trip will get down with a pilot study during which the matrix will be located and demarcated the layout of the terrain appreciated and some measurings concluded. The 2nd stage will affect transect work to demo the spacial distribution of the H2O web Interviews Semi structured interviews and treatments will be conducted officially with traditional heads, members of the small town traditional council, members of the H2O direction commission, caputs of adult females associations and house hold caputs. Informal interviews and treatments will be done on Lord's daies after church services, market yearss and flushing when most of the villagers have retired place. These semi structured interviews and treatments will take to historical function. It will affect the function of the H2O related phenomena before and after the realisation of the strategy. Direct observations This is really of import in roll uping and analysing informations. It involves the drawing of maps to demo the spacial distribution of phenomenon. For illustration the spacial distribution of the H2O web, the proposed strategy etc. Photographs will besides be taken to demo the spacial arrangement of certain phenomenon utilizing the direct field observation method. The H2O jobs will hence be assessed straight. Questionnaires Last, questionnaires were administered utilizing graded random study technique to respondents for general replies. The different quarters represented the different strata. In each strata families were indiscriminately selected. The family caput became the chief source or other representatives in the instance of the absent of the family caput. For the 200 questionnaires 40 were administered to each of the five quarters. For these 200 questionnaires administered 154 were decently answered. That is 77 % . These greatly helped the research worker to analyse the H2O supply strategy and its direction in the community. This is shown on the tabular array below.Table 1: The Distribution of Sample Size Questionnaires per Quarter.Living quarterssNo of QestionnairesNo of Questionnaires AdministeredPercentage of RespondentsMubaco 40 36 18 Wumkien 40 34 17 Ntoh 40 27 13.5 Mucob 40 31 15.5 Njimben 40 26 13Entire20015477Beginning: Field study 2006 0.7.2DATA ANALYSES After roll uping these informations, they are traveling to be sorted classified analysed and interpreted. The information will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistic methods. Tables, per centum and charts will be used.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME, SUPPLY PROCEDURE AND FINANCEHundreds of 1000000s of people in rural communities struggle for drinkable H2O supplies. Like most rural communities, the people of Banjah small town one time depended merely on traditional H2O beginnings for endurance. The clip to turn to the annihilating effects of increasing H2O scarceness and worsening H2O quality around the Banjah small town eventually came. This chapter hence tries to analyze the state of affairs of drinkable H2O before the strategy was realized, provide process and the support. 1.1 SITUATION OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME Field study reveals that life was similar snake pit to the villagers before the strategy. Drinking H2O was gotten from watercourses, rivers and springs, which ran, for long distances before making the small town. Apart from H2O collected from the rain the other beginnings were extremely polluted. This resulted to H2O borne diseases. Villagers took the hurting to go for stat mis to roll up this contaminated H2O. Water scarceness caused social jobs and a host of other jobs.1.1.1 Water beginnings before the strategyThe population of Banjah community had legion beginnings of H2O before the strategy. Field observation and sampling revealed the distribution beginnings as seen below.Table: 2 Collection Points before the SchemeBeginningsNumber of HouseholdsPercentage ( % )Rain H2O Streams Springs Rivers 42 40 33 8 34 32 27 7 Entire 123 100 Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above consequences revealed that most people got H2O chiefly from rainwater ( during the rainy season ) , watercourses and springs. The per centums of the population that collected H2O from these different beginnings range from 34 % for rainwater, 32 % for watercourse to 27 % for springs. These beginnings were accompanied by many jobs. The above findings on the different H2O beginnings are similar with Faniran ( 1987 ) who highlighted that the chief beginnings of H2O before the installing of the Lagos Water Scheme were pools watercourses, springs, pools, Wellss, lakes and rivers. He went farther to explicate that these beginnings which were polluted led to the high rate of H2O borne diseases. These besides go in line with this research and below are some of the job faced by the villagers before the realisation of the strategy.1.2 PROBLEMS OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME1.2.1 BURDEN OF FETCHING WATER. Water bringing before the 1990s in Banjah small town was a great domestic load. Much clip and energy was spent to cover long distances to bring H2O from the different beginnings apart from rainwater. The tabular array below reveals walking distance from the H2O beginning, measure of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours and clip spent for the intent. Table: 3 Walking Distance from the Water Source, Quantity of Water Fetched Per Day and Time Spent for the Purpose.Family NoNeptuniumD ( m )T ( hour )Q ( cubic decimeter )NT ( hour )1 6 850 50 75-100 2 1.40 2 8 700 35 100-125 2 1.00 3 7 700 40 100-125 2 1.20 4 10 800 20 100-125 3 40 5 4 500 25 50-75 2 50 Beginning: Field Survey 2006. NP= figure of people in the family D ( m ) = Approximate distance from family to the beginning in meters T ( hour ) = clip taken to bring H2O and return homeA : Q ( cubic decimeter ) =Quanatity of H2O fetched per twenty-four hours in liters. T ( hour ) =total clip spent per twenty-four hours in bringing H2O n=number of trips to the beginning per twenty-four hours. The tabular array shows that an norm of 700m was covered by each family to roll up an norm of 100- 125litres of H2O. Women and kids every forenoon had to acquire up at the cleft of morning walking in the really cold status on narrow and hazardous way merely to roll up adequate H2O for their families. With the hazardous way some people after transporting the H2O and about making the house normally slipped off non merely pouring the H2O but besides interrupting their hard earned containers. Besides during the dry season when most of the H2O beginnings were drying up longer clip was spent. This is because, the villagers had to go longer distances to bring H2O. Apart from these long distances, adult females and kids frequently have to wait in bend to roll up H2O. Some traditional beginnings frequently dry out for several months each twelvemonth and it could take up to an hr to make full a pail as they waited for the H2O to easy filtrate through the land to their containers. To avoid such long delaies many H2O aggregators got up every bit early as they could to acquire to the H2O beginning before the queuing started. There was besides serious contending as they queued up. This activity was really palling and clip consuming, small clip was left for other activities that could bring forth income. The villagers described this distance as being painful. The calamity was that, holding spent so much clip and attempt in making a beginning of H2O, the H2O itself was frequently soiled, contaminated and a wellness jeopardy. 1.2.2 HEALTH PROBLEMS Water related wellness jobs were rampant in the community before the supply of drinkable H2O. These jobs were straight and indirectly related to the absent of drinkable H2O. Indirectly, acquiring up early to acquire H2O was raging. Besides the early forenoon cold characterized in the country during the dry season caused catarrh, cough, dry tegument and many other related diseases. Directly, these beginnings of H2O were extremely contaminated. They were normally polluted by domestic waste disposal, farm fertilisers, treading by animate beings, the usage of H2O for stooling up watercourse, rinsing of apparels and still utilizing the H2O for imbibing downstream. Field surveies besides revealed that most frequently, the H2O had gustatory sensation, atoms settled at the underside of the container when kept overnight and some even stained garments. All these showed how polluted the H2O was. These led to a high incidence of H2O related diseases as shown on the tabular array below.Table 4: Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23Entire132100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 From the tabular array above, it can be seen that there was a high incidence of diseases before the installing of the H2O. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases. Diarrhea had the highest prevalence of 36 % . Apart of these H2O borne diseases, there were besides H2O washed diseases like itchs, and H2O related vectors which caused malaria and filarial all transmitted by mosquitoes. The heavy containers caused backache, retarded growing and joint strivings. The sick wellness of the labour force earnestly affected the development of the community. The general sanitation in the small town was a muss. 1.2.3 SOCIETAL PROBLEMS The absent of drinkable H2O can be detriment to the society. Before the strategy was realised there were a series of social jobs. Most hubbies bartered their married womans for non cooking and transporting H2O on clip. Most work forces did non care under which fortunes H2O was provided, all they needed was that things should be done and available on clip. School kids had to transport H2O before traveling to school. The long queuing particularly during the dry season made these kids to either travel tardily to school or non to travel at all. More so, normally there was serious contending amongst the villagers as they struggled to transport foremost. This caused hostility. Children were besides beaten for interrupting H2O containers. It was a hapless scene. Accepting the presence of a job is the beginning of the solution. After sing all these jobs something needed to be done. The villagers so took on their enterprise to supply drinkable H2O for the community.1.3 Supply ProcedureWith all these H2O crises faced in the community, something had to be done to turn to the status and it had to be done fast. The people decided to build a autonomous community H2O undertaking. The whole process can mostly be seen on a diagram as below demoing the assorted stages. Operation & A ; Maintenance and Management Designation Initiation Preparation For Upkeep Planing Monitoring & A ; Evaluation Construction Figure: Cycle of a Typical Rural Water Supply.1.3.1 InitiationAfter placing the job the following phase was the induction. Field study shows that adult females and kids are the primary groups roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who understand the hurting of supplying clean H2O. It is for this ground that the adult females after all the hurting and agony took upon the enterprise to suggest the thought of a drinkable H2O supply strategy.Table: 5 Those Who Brought the Idea.BeginningsNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Government 2 1 Womans Group 108 74 Village Leaderships 27 18 An person 10 7Entire148100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows that the adult females group of the small town introduced the enterprise. Those who responded otherwise were either nescient or had nil to offer. Taking this enterprise, the adult females met with the Chief and Elders of the small town. They were directed to an administration that provide aid to community undertakings were they got of import advice on the supply of inexpensive and drinkable H2O to the community. They country was surveyed and the cost deliberated upon. They so decided to seek for assistance from different givers to add to what they had. It should be noted that there were processs and conditions which the villagers had to follow and carry through before they got any external aid.1.3.2 SupportUndertakings like rural H2O supplies can non be carried without assistance from the villagers themselves. The people of Banjah though willing to lend for the realisation of the H2O supply strategy, had limited agencies of bring forthing income for the installing of the H2O undertaking. Therefore, they had to seek aid from International and Local Non Governmental Organizations ( NGO ‘s ) , to guarantee the success of th e undertaking. The three stages of the undertaking were completed in 1992, 1994, and 1996 severally. Financial, proficient and material support were gotten from the Swiss Association for Development and Cooperation ( HELVETAS ) , African Development Foundation ( ADF ) , European Union and of class the Department of Community Development in Banjah. The fiscal parts can be seen on the tabular array below. Table: 6 Fiscal Contributions.Beginnings of FinanceSum in FCFAHELVETAS 7,300,000 ADF 5,551,000 European Union 3,447,000 Banjah Community 2,991,000Entire19,238,000Beginning: Project Committee Chairman, Community labour costed about 3,000,000FCFA. This brought the undertaking to a sum of 22,238,000FCFA. The field survey besides showed that financess were chiefly received from NGOs and from the small town community.Chapter TWOACTORS, STRATERGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER PROJECT.The success of a community H2O supply can non be done by the community entirely. There must be other histrions involved. These include internal histrions which are made up of the people in the community and the external histrions which include people or organisations outside the community. These histrions in one manner or the other helped in the realisation of the Banjah H2O undertaking. Field surveies revealed how involved these different histrions were and are still involved in the supply and direction process of the undertaking.2.1.1 OperationFor a undertaking to be successful at that place must be effectual operation and care. The Banjah H2O strategy maps under the umbrella of the Banjah Water Project C ommittee. The H2O strategy was divided into three stages. The first stage involved placing the spring beginning and taking the right engineering. The tabular array below shows the appropriate engineering options for the community H2O supply and why the piped supply was choose for the community. Table: 7 Factors Considered in Choosing the Right Technology.TechnologyCostService LevelO & A ; M demandsWater QualityWater point Cheap Very low Low Good Piped supply Expensive Very high Very high Good Manual pump Reasonably expensive Low High Good Dug good Cheapest Low High Good Rain catchment Cheap High Low Good Beginning: Committee president. The piped engineering was chosen after discoursing with the field technician ( from HELVETAS ) and the community. â€Å" This is because the H2O can easy be distributed in pipes to want points sing the topography of the small town † ( explained the commission president of the strategy ) The 2nd stage involved the aggregation of hard currency. This stage was really boring because it was non easy converting the villagers to lend. Several meetings were held in this visible radiation. The 3rd stage was the supply of local stuffs. Womans and kids carried sand and the work forces and young person carried rocks to the undertaking sites. This was done one-fourth by one-fourth under the supervising of the undertaking commission and one-fourth caputs. The 4th stage was the building work proper. These involved the building of the catchment country and storage armored combat vehicle, excavation of the trenches and laying of the pipes. A 2.5km pipe was laid from the catchment country to the storage armored combat vehicle. The undertaking covers a distance of 6.2km long and consists of 30 individual base lights-outs and 2 dual base lights-outs. There are four chief control valve Chamberss along the line and a little valve chamber attached to each base pat. There are besides several private base lights-outs in different families.2.1.2 Maintenance and ManagementThe Banjah Water Scheme has a care commission. This commission is supposed to guarantee sustainable direction of the strategy. The maps of the executive members who make up the care commission can be summarized as follows:Table: 8 Some Functions of Committee MembersChairmanSecretaryTreasurerHearerCaretakerPresides at meetings Keeps proceedingss of meetings Keeps and collects community money Checks community histories Does routine care and punishes those who violates ordinances Sign the contract with the caretakers for operation and care. Prepares studies with president Prepares fiscal statements Prepares studies on the fiscal and stuffs direction Operates system e.g. , gap and shutting valves to ration H2O Represents the small town on H2O affairs Correspond and maintain bank books Signers to bank history Does fixs of the H2O system Authorizes outgos Keeps records of minutess Advises on what should be done on the system Coordinates actions of members Uses and histories for tools, trim parts and stuff Convenes meeting Beginning: Adopted from Andrew M Tayong 2005 These different maps have been clearly spelled out as above. But the inquiry is do the executive members execute their different maps judiciously? These will be expatiated in the chapters in front.2.1.3 Community ParticipationMost local populations are normally actively involved in the decision-making concerning developments or in their execution. They do n't merely supply information for the realisation of the strategy but besides take part in the effectual running of the strategy. The Banjah Community whole-heartedly participated to the success of the installing of the pipe borne H2O. The community participated through support and building of the H2O strategy. From field survey, more than 90 % of those who visited the catchment country went at that place for community work. The community of Banjah started take parting at the beginning of the building of the H2O strategy. The people were willing to make whatever they were asked to make. Much work was done at the catchment country. It included amongst others glade of study way, proviso of study nog, transporting of rock, sand and other building stuffs. The community was besides responsible for excavation of the spring beginning for the catchment and besides trenches that channel the H2O to the remainder of the small town. Each of the quarters involved in the undertaking had community work leaders who did the organisation of the work at the one-fourth degree. Community labour was estimated to be approximately 3,000,000FCFA. The community besides participated financially. Womans had to pay a amount of 2000FCFA, work forces 5000FCFA and kids above 18years 1000FCFA while those below 18years paid 500FCFA. The natives outside the small town were non excluded. They contributed massively towards the development of the strategy. Fund raising parties were held in most of the subdivisions all over the state to raise financess for the strategy.2.1.4 Women InvolvementIn Banjah in peculiar and most other rural communities, adult females and kids are the primary groups of roll uping H2O. Therefore, they are the 1s who suffer most from the jobs associated to the proviso of H2O. The field study shows that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable what supply in the small town. As seen above, 74 % of the families interviewed revealed that adult females were those who brought the thought of drinkable H2O supply. They did non merely conveying the thought but besides helped in the executing of the undertaking. They were involved in transporting rocks and sand. They besides contributed financially by lending 2000FCFA each. Besides, some adult females participate in cleaning some of the public lights-outs and place installed lights-outs around. But it should be noted that on the other manus work forces are those who provide more financially and materially and are greatly involved in determination devising. It is a commiseration that many of them have small cognition about the agonies and load in supplying the household with H2O every twenty-four hours. Moreso, adult females are marginalized when comparing the possible function of the adult females with the existent engagement in the assorted phases of planning, building, care and rating. Womans are non really much involved. This explains why merely one adult female is a member of the executive board. Notwithstanding this the community at big extremely participates in the development of the undertaking. The above goes in line with the universe acme held in Rio de Janerio in June 1992 where they explained that experiences in many developing states during and since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade ( 1981 1990 ) shows that even the best tally H2O bureaus can non successfully implement, operate and keep a web of widely spread H2O systems without the full engagement and committedness of the users. There must be therefore the full engagement of a community in the realisation of any development undertaking, since they are the donees.Chapter THREETHE SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive ImpactsWater is an of import accelerator necessary for speed uping both economic and societal developments. Therefore H2O scarceness is one of the most of import environmental restraints of development, peculiarly in countries that face limited H2O in footings of quality and measure. The installing of pipe borne H2O in Banjah has resulted to some impacts. Summarily, there is the decrease of the incidence of H2O borne diseases, decrease of H2O fetching as a domestic load, sweetening of other development plans, step of poorness relief and others that are explained below.Table: 9 Main Benefits of the Scheme.Main BenefitsNumber of PeoplesPercentage ( % )Decrease in H2O borne disease Decrease in the load of bringing H2O Improvement in substructure Micro irrigation strategies Enhancement of other development undertakings Poverty relief 31 45 35 42 34 42 14 20 15 18 15 18Entire229100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 The above tabular array shows the chief benefits of the strategy to the sampled population. All these will be analysed below.3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne DiseasesThe criterions of Cameroon imbibing H2O, corresponds with that of France, which is laid down in article one of the edict of 10th August 1961, of the â€Å" Conseil Superieur d'hygien publique † and the edict of 28th February 1962 and 7th September 1967 ( Helvetas Manual, 1985 ) . These correspond to the international criterion, which says H2O should be colorless, tasteless, odorless and has no hazardous bacterium. The general safety of H2O is determined by its physical, chemical and bacteriological quality. It should hold sourness ( PH ) of measures which will do the H2O soft ( foams easy ) and the H2O should hold fix free carbondioxide. The tabular array below shows the study on chemical analysis of tap H2O in Banjah small town.Table: 10 Report on Chemical Analysis of Tap Water in Banjah Village.PH- value Hardness ( inA ° PG ) Carbonate hardness Non Carbonate hardness 0 Entire hardness 6.5 0.17 0 0.17 Content of ( in mg/l ) Sulfates so4 Chlorides cl Alkalinely mval cubic decimeter methyrorange Lime- aggreeive Carbon dioxide CO2 Heyer KmnO4 ingestion in mg/l 1 0.5 0.15 7.7 1.6 Calculated in mg/1 Natrium Bi carbomate NAHCO3 Magnesium Mg 7 0 Beginning: HEVETAS LAB The above chemical analysis of the Banjah H2O was done utilizing the Drinkable Water Analysis Kit ( pattern CA-24WR ) of Hach. Two liters of H2O was collected from the pat and put in a clean bottle made of good quality impersonal glass. The undermentioned chemical values were measured ; -PH-value -Hardness in grain CaCo3/gallon -Content of C dioxide CO2 in mg/l -Content of dissolved Oxygen in mg/lThe little hardness, really soft nature of the H2O and the less acidic ( impersonal ) content of the H2O makes it really drinkable for imbibing and other activities. These hence explain how drinkable the H2O is. Besides the bacteriological content of the H2O was analyzed and is presented below.Table 11: A Summary of a Report on the Bacteriological Analyses of the Water.OrganismValueWater Intended for DrinkingEntire Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples takenFaecal Coliform BacteriaLess than 10/100ml in at least 75 % of all the samples taken Beginning: HEVETAS LAB Faecal coliform count in H2O samples taken from rural systems should ne'er transcend 10 bacteriums per 100 milliliter, and no more than 25 % of samples should incorporate fecal coliforms. The H2O trial consequences shows that the Banjah H2O has less than 10 bacteriums per 100ml. The nowadays of the few bacteriums are as a consequence of some common dirt bacteriums which are frequently present sometimes but with really small hazard of fecal pollution. Besides, it should be noted that protected springs provide H2O free from fecal taint. Therefore these explain why the H2O is fit for imbibing. Banjah H2O as seen above is colourless, odourless, tasteless, non acidic, soft and with less bacterium content. The H2O can hence be termed mineral H2O. This high criterion of H2O has reduced the incidence of H2O borne diseases, though non wholly eradicated. This can be seen by comparing the distribution of diseases before and after the strategy. The tabular arraies below compare the distribution of diseases before and after the realisation of the strategy.Table: 12a Distribution of Diseases before the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 47 35 20 30 36 26 15 23Entire132100Beginning: Field Survey 2006Table: 12b Distribution of Diseases after the Scheme.Types of diseasesNumber of peoplePercentage ( % )Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera Rashs 12 11 2 6 39 35 7 19Entire31100Beginning: Field Survey 2006 A comparism of these tabular arraies shows that the incidence of H2O borne diseases has reduced. Harmonizing to the sampled population, the sum of 132 people was ill of H2O borne diseases before, and after the installing of the strategy it reduced to 31. This decrease is as a consequence of the good quality H2O. But the inquiry still remains why have n't these diseases been wholly eradicated? This will be analysed in the pages in front. 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water Womans and kids are responsible for about all the activities in the rural surroundings in which Banjah is portion. With the coming of the H2O strategy, the load of transporting H2O has been reduced. They have much clip now for their household activities and instruction. The below statistics show the clip served by one individual for a twelvemonth when mensurating the decrease in the load of taking H2O. To cipher the entire figure of hours saved on the norm, we take a day-to-day figure and express as an one-year sum. Average clip saved per trip = 35mins Average clip saved per twenty-four hours = 1.06 ten 35= 37.1mins = 0.62hours Average clip saved for 1 twelvemonth by a individual = 0.62 ten 365hours = 226.3 hours. The figures indicated above gives the sum of clip the each individual will salvage in other to transport out other of import economic activities. With the above clip saved, adult females now are more productive and efficient in the public presentation of their domestic duties. They besides have clip for other more productive income bring forthing activities like ; agriculture, and selling the green goods, retailing, selling palm vino tapped by their hubbies. The income generated from these activities help in bettering kids ‘s nutrition, wellness, sanitation and instruction. The installing of the H2O strategy in Banjah has besides helped the adult females or made adult females better on their general sanitation. It has besides helped them to conserve their privateness, since they do non hold to take a bath in the watercourse or rivers as earlier. The Banjah adult females now have leisure clip to rest, visit relations and friends and besides join associations. They can freely oversee the kids, go toing meetings and other socio- political assemblage. These adult females besides have clip to organize autonomous enterprise groups which can better their criterions of life and cut down poorness. This is done through the instruction of the adult females on improved agriculture methods ( for illustration usage of fertilisers and other farm inputs ) , sanitation, nutrition and they are besides educated on HIV and household planning pattern to guarantee their well being. Some of them have decided to utilize the clip saved by increasing their farm sizes and thereby passing more clip on the farm. 3.1.3 Micro – Irrigation Schemes Agribusiness is the anchor of the Banjah people. From the field study, 80 % of the sampled population are engaged in agricultural activities. Water being really of import for agribusiness makes the installing of the pipe borne H2O really utile to the Banjah people. During the dry season when there is no rain, the installed H2O is used for watering small- graduated table farms and gardens. Most people who works veggies like huckleberry, tomatoes, onions and lettuce including harvests like murphies make usage of the H2O. Field study reveals that Banjah small town is the highest manufacturer of huckleberry normally known as â€Å" jamajama † . It is cultivated non merely during the rainy season as before but all twelvemonth unit of ammunition because of the presence of abundant H2O for irrigation. Peoples come in from far and near to purchase this vegetable and it is the highest income generator particularly during the dry season when it is scarce in other parts of the state. This strategy is besides used by cattle rearers. Most Banjah people like many others in the grassfield are cattle rearers. The H2O is used to maintain the animate beings fresh and healthy during the dry season when there is limited grass to feed the animate beings and besides the drying up of H2O points. It is besides used to turn hye during the prohibitionist season which some cowss feed on. The Banjah drinkable H2O is besides used for angling. There are angling pools in the small town. These fish pools do non merely generate income but serve as a beginning of protein which is really scarce to come by.3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure.The rural substructure of Banjah portrays a typical African rural country scene. The small town suffers from a major job of unequal rural substructure. These include educational installations, communicating web, drinkable H2O, wellness centre, agricultural extension services, commercial installations and worst of all rural electrification. Houses in this small town are constructed with local stuffs like clay, bamboo and grass ( thatched ) . Very few people use cement blocks to build. Other stuffs used are zinc and processed wood. More than half of the people use clay blocks, locally produced to build. The chief route runs from Bamenda town through the small town to Bambili. There are minor roads and footpaths criss-crossing the other distant countries of the small town. There are two chief spiritual groups, which have been portrayed by the presence of Christian churches and a mosque. There is merely a primary school and a local market that operates one time a hebdomad. From the field study it was noticed much has truly improved as concerns substructure since the installing of the strategy. Some of the sampled population greatly agreed on this point. Peoples now have extra H2O nearer to build their ain houses. This has increased the figure of houses in the small town. Most frequently, houses are being constructed utilizing local stuff and by the proprietors. Since they have entree to a nearby pat, they mould blocks and build their houses at a lower cost. At first, they had to transport H2O from distant beginnings, this was really boring and really expensive ; fewer houses were hence constructed before the installing of the strategy. The installing of the strategy has besides enhanced other development undertakings. One of the major developments is the building of a wellness Centre although non yet completed because of abuse of financess. Recently, the route was graded and there are chances of tarring the route and supplying electricity to the villagers.3.2 Negative ImpactsThe Banjah H2O strategy has been successful to an extent. This is because the small towns still face some negative impacts caused by the strategy. These impacts were gotten from interviews and direct field observation has been expatiated below. 3.2.1 Destruction of colonies, farming areas and flora. Colonies, flora and farming areas were destroyed in the cause of the installing of the pipes. Most of these pipes had to crisscross colony, flora and farming areas. All these things were destroyed without compensation as a consequence of the installing of the strategy. Field observation showed that some pipes passed through some people ‘s compounds. This mean that these people can non transport out any other development undertaking like constructing a house be house because the pipes will be destroyed. Besides its hazardous edifice a house because what if the pipes has a escape or is being broken the house will be wholly destroyed. 3.2.2 The catchment country and land decrease The land around the catchment country has been restricted from graze and other agriculture activities. This is to avoid pollution of the catchment. It should be noted that this has led to the decrease of farming areas and croping land particularly since this topographic point usage to be one of the really fertile lands of the small town. The limited land is now doing farmer-grazier struggles in some other parts of the small town. 3.2.3 Outgo Last, the installing of the strategy led to excessively much outgo, which to an extent has increased poorness. Although fiscal, stuff and proficient assistance were gotten from Non Governmental Organizations, the villagers besides had to lend. With their meager incomes, some were forced to pay certain dues. More so, they are still supposed to pay one-year dues of 1000FCFA for work forces and 500FCFA for adult females.Chapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTSMajority of the Banjah population has entree to the drinkable H2O, but a good figure of the villagers are still faced with H2O crisis. There are many jobs in the direction of the strategy. Despite all these jobs, there are still some chances.4.1 Problems Faced in the Management of the Scheme4.1.1 Topography The survey country falls within the Western Highlandss of Cameroon, which implies that the underlying stones of Banjah are old granite and gneiss of the Precambrian epoch covered by basalt ( Neba 1999 ) . The part is fundamentally composed of drops. This vicinity depicts a rugged highland terrain made up of hills that are separated from each other by deep v-shaped and U-shaped vales depending on the incline. The alleviation of this country can be divided into two: the low and upland countries. The Lowlandss are found around the Southern Western and Central parts of Banjah, with an mean tallness of 700m. The Highlandss on the other manus cover the Northern and Eastern parts of the survey country. The height scopes from about 1800-2200m above sea degree. This physical terrain has greatly affected the distribution of drinkable H2O. Field observation shows that the site and state of affairs of the catchment is a great hinderance to the distribution of drinkable H2O as a consequence of the topography. The catchment is situated at a tallness of 1826meters above sea degree. There are other countries of more than 2000meters. This has made it impossible for drinkable H2O to make the really high countries. Much money is needed to widen the pipes to these countries. The catchment, located at the South West of the small town means that some pipes has to crisscross the survey country to ingestion countries. Besides, with the stony landscape some of the pipes have been broken hence sloping out much H2O. Some quarters are left without H2O. There is therefore the demand to supply much finance to better on the quality of pipes to direct H2O to the destitute topographic points. The varied landscape made up of undulating programs and high extremums, some which are higher than the catchment necessitated really high hydraulic profile or force per unit area to guarantee efficient H2O distribution. However, such a venture is rather expensive and may non be low-cost by the villagers or the dwellers of Banjah. This explains why many a clip particularly during the dry season a good bulk of lights-outs in Banjah does non flux and why quarters such as Ntoh with high lift have non yet benefited from the strategy. 4.1.2 Socio economic The economic system of Banjah like other rural countries is characterized by subsistence agribusiness. More than 85 % of the population is involved in subsistence agribusiness. There are other economic activities like the operation of proviso shops, off-licenses, merchandising of palm vino and local maize beer. The merchandising of firewood besides brings in much income. With their meager income they are faced with many duties like educating their kids and supplying day-to-day staff of life for the household. Therefore paying their annual dues is really hard and at times some people can non afford to pay for old ages. Besides the fiscal restraints of the community and their avidity to supply H2O within sensible distances for the people have made some families to put in base lights-outs around the compound. Most of such lights-outs are below acceptable criterions. They do non hold good basins round them but few rocks to back up the containers. As a consequence, there is a chance that H2O from such environment fortunes become contaminated earlier ingestion as soiled H2O splashes into the containers in the class of roll uping the H2O. 4.1.3 Negligence Most of the environing countries have been extremely neglected. Direct field observation shows that catchment country, the armored combat vehicle and some lights-outs have become soiled and shaggy due to negligence. This is because as explained above, the villagers are either non able or are non willing to pay their annual dues. Therefore, those who are supposed to take attention of these armored combat vehicles, catchments countries and lights-outs are non sufficiently motivated. This therefore consequences to carelessness. Besides most of the house installed lights-outs do non hold good drainage systems. This consequences to messy and unhealthy milieus. Dead H2O is a good genteelness environment for vectors conveying diseases like malaria which is really common in Banjah small town. 4.1.4 Population distribution There are a important alteration in the population of Banjah small town from the 1976 and 1987 nose count, the population of Banjah was 984 dwellers. In 1987, the population rose to 1824 that is 840 new dwellers or 86.8 % addition. It was projected that by the twelvemonth 2000, the population of Banjah was supposed to hold reached 3648 dwellers.Table 13: Population Trend and Projection.19761987Actual alterationPercentage alterationProjection2000984 1824 840 86.8 % 33648 Beginning: base on Demo 1987, Second General Census Cameroon. The ratio of public lights-outs to the population in the community is really low. There are about 32 public lights-outs in the small town to a population of more than 33648 people. Besides, the population is extremely dispersed. The community hence finds it really hard to turn up lights-outs and rather expensive to associate all the colonies with pipe borne H2O. There is overcrowding around these few lights-outs which consequences to contending particularly amongst kids. Some of these battles to bring H2O lead to hostility amongst villagers, which retard advancement. Besides, non all the countries have entree to drinkable H2O during the dry season. There is therefore the demand for rationing. Most people faced with these jobs tend to bring H2O from the contaminated beginnings. Therefore partially explains why the incidence of H2O borne diseases can non be wholly eradicated. 4.1.5 Management forces Like most community undertakings, people are elected from the community to pull off its activities. They form the nucleus of the undertaking. The Banjah rural H2O supply has this forces but with unequal direction accomplishments and trained technicians. Most of these people are voluntary workers with other professions. This means they have other businesss. They hence have limited clip for the personal businesss of the strategy. These restraints in work force ( labor ) have resulted to inadequate direction and bringing of required services to the people. Besides, field study revealed that, due to the work load and inability of the community to back up lasting workers as a consequence of fiscal restraints, these have given rise to inadequate records of the strategy such as figure of people, with private installings. Such records are critical because they aid in the anticipation and undertaking of future demands and fiscal budgeting sing the strategy. 4.1.6 Caretaker These are the field workers who are supposed to be familiar with their work. They are expected to often describe to the direction commission, on the state of affairs in the field, with the origin of the undertaking. Normally, at the get downing a villager was trained to execute this responsibility, but soon, other people have been co-opted in his topographic point. They are short of the needed accomplishments. As such there exists some carelessness to execute their responsibility coupled with deficiency of experience. At times escape can travel for hebdomads through pipe and lose caputs of public standpipes before they are discovered and repaired. 4.1.7 Communication job Field oppugning and observation besides showed that the people are nescient on how the undertaking operates and their program of work for the twelvemonth. All they know is that they have to lend for the operations. Because of this believe there is misappropriate of their financess, by those in charge therefore weakening the people ‘s involvement in full engagement on the activities of the H2O undertaking. They are hence non willing to pay their annual dues. The people believe that the money will non be judiciously used. This therefore makes it impossible for the undertaking to be smoothly tally.Future PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEAll is non yet lost since there is still hope for the community to be wholly served with drinkable H2O. Field study revealed the following sing the future chances of drinkable H2O in the Banjah community. The nowadayss of raffia thenar and the cutting down of all eucalyptus around the present catchment country makes the handiness of drinkable H2O promising. This is because H2O will be available to the community at all seasons if non to the whole small town but to portion of the small town. The raffia thenar shop H2O which is released during periods of deficit, this guarantees changeless supply to some parts of the small town. Besides, the wiring of the country around the catchment country prevents the country from being polluted by either fertilisers from farming or croping around the catchment country. Finally, there is a great chance to recognize another strategy. This will hopefully function the Ntoh one-fourth and its milieus where there is no drinkable H2O supply at all. 4.2.1 A Short Description of the Micro undertaking. The deficiency of drinkable H2O in some parts of Banjah as a consequence of the rugged topography of the small town, poorness and long distance to drinkable H2O beginning has lead to high rate of H2O born diseases, hapless wellness and decrease in population. This undertaking will therefore aimed at relieving poorness and fosterage development through the supply of drinkable H2O to the Banjah castle and the Ntoh one-fourth as a whole besides reenforcing the flow rate of the bing supply. Aims: Short term: To provide drinkable H2O to the community. Long term: To better wellness conditions, increase agricultural production and accelerate development.Table: 14 Budget of a Proposed Scheme.DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONSFundss IN FCFACommunity Kind Contribution 1.980.000 Community Cash Contribution 1.528.000 Expected Aid 3.100.000Entire6.608.000Beginning: Committee Chairman In order to raise financess for the undertaking, letters of entreaty will be send to project related Non Governmental Organization and many other givers. The cost estimation will hence be forwarded to the Ministry of Water and Energy which has a budget given for funding rural H2O supply strategies in Cameroon. With Cameroon making the Highly Indebted Country Initiative ( HIPIC ) degree, budgets are now allocated to transport out development undertakings in rural communities. So the Banjah people are looking frontward to derive aid from the State and of class other givers. A successful realisation of the above chances, will lend a great trade to the success of the Banjah Water undertaking.MentionsPublished BeginningsAkintola F.O and Aroela. ( 1979 ) : Domestic Water Consumption in Urban Areas: A instance survey in Ibadan City, Nigeria Water Supply and Management.Nigeria. Vol. 4 pp ( 313-312 ) Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2005 ) : community voice in rural H2O supply undertakings. An illustrated usher and practical usher. 58p Andrew M. Tayong. ( 2002 ) : ‘Spring Water Tapping ‘ , In Van Wilk, C. , Jo Smet ( explosive detection systems ) Small Water Supplies: Technology, people and Partnership, IRC, Delft, The Netherlands pp152-167 Andrew M. T. , Poubom, C ( 1999a ) . ‘Convincing Peoples To Pay For Water: Nkouondja In Cameroon ‘ . In: Lammerink, M.P. , de Jong, D. , ( explosive detection systems ) , PLA notes: Participatory Learning and Action, Community Water Management, London, UK, IIED. 35:52-55 Archer, Bailey and Johnson. 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HELVETAS. 20pTable OF CONTENTGENERAL INTRODUCTIONMETHODOLOGY AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 0.5.1Data and Information Collection Acquisition of secondary informations Acquisition of primary informations. Data analysis.Chapter ONESituation OF POTABLE WATER BEFORE THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEME AND SUPPLY PROCEDURESituation of Water Supply before the Realization of the Scheme.Beginnings of Water Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2 Problems Faced Before the Realization of the Scheme1.2.1 Burden of Fetching Water 1.2.2 Health Problems 1.2.3 Social Problems1.3 Supply Procedure1.3.1Initiation 1.3.1FundingChapter TWO3.1 ACTORS AND STRATERGIES IN THE SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCHEME.3.1.1Operation, Distribution of lights-outs and Care3.1.2 Community Involvement.3.1.3 Women InvolvementChapter THREESOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE BANJAH WATER SUPPLY SCHEME.3.1 Positive Impacts3.1.1 Decrease in Water Borne Diseases 3.1.2 Decrease in the Burden of Fetching Water 3.1.3 Micro-Irrigation Schemes 3.1.4 Rural Infrastructure3.2 Negative Impacts3.2.1 Destruction of colony, farming area and flora 3.2.2 The catchment country 3.2.3 OutgoChapter FOURPROBLEMS FACED BY THE SCHEME AND FUTURE PROSPECTS4.1 Problems Faced by the Scheme4.1.1 Topography 4.1.2 Socio- economic 4.1.3 Negligence 4.1.4 Population Distribution 4.1.5 Management Personnel 4.1.6 Caretaker 4.1.7 Communication ProblemFuture PROSPECTS IN RELATION TO PRESENT TRENDS OF EVOLUTION OF THE SCHEMEA Short Description of the Micro Project